Intra-guild competition is fiercer with higher dietary or spatial overlap, is often asymmetrical and may have strong effects on the population dynamics of the subordinate competitor ( Creel, Spong & Creel 2001 Heithaus 2001). Carnivore species may react differently to fragmentation however, due to differences in behaviour and ecology ( Sunquist & Sunquist 2001 Crooks 2002).Īpart from direct competition for prey, possible sympatry of multiple carnivore species also depends on intra-guild competition and interference. Although large carnivores are able to persist in multiple-use landscapes, many mammalian carnivores possess characteristics that may make them particularly vulnerable to landscape changes ( Woodroffe & Ginsberg 1998). During the last century, habitat fragmentation and increased human pressure have reduced populations of large carnivores throughout the world ( Woodroffe 2000 Sunquist & Sunquist 2001).
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